mercredi 22 mai 2013

Top 5 World Best-looking Cars Ever.

Here’s list of five great-looking cars, and it concentrates on the '50s and '60s — they were a golden era for automotive styling.

Jaguar E-Type

The Jaguar E-Type (a.k.a. Jaguar XK-E) is a British sports car, manufactured by Jaguar Cars Ltd between 1961 and 1974. Its combination of good looks, high performance, and competitive pricing established the marque as an icon of 1960s motoring. More than 70,000 E-Types were sold.

 BMW 507

The BMW 507 is a roadster produced by BMW from 1956 to 1959. Initially intended to be exported to the United States at a rate of thousands per year, it ended up being too expensive, resulting in a total production figure of 252 cars and heavy losses for BMW

Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato. 

The Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato was introduced in October 1960 at the London Motor Show. It was effectively a DB4 GT, lightened and improved by the Zagato factory in Italy, by Ercole Spada.

1939 Delahaye Type 165 Cabriolet with coachwork by Figoni and Falaschi.

When it was first shown at the World’s Far in 1939, the modernity and sublime beauty of this car’s styling drew throngs of admirers from the public and the press.

Mercedes-Benz 300SL

The Mercedes-Benz 300SL was the first iteration of the SL-Class grand tourer convertibles and fastest production car of its day. Internally numbered W198, it was introduced in 1954 as a two-seat sports car with distinctive gull-wing doors and later offered as an open roadster.
Built by Daimler-Benz AG, the fuel-injected production model was based on the company's highly successful yet somewhat less powerful carbureted 1952 race car, the Mercedes-Benz 300SL (W194).



mardi 14 mai 2013

Amazing Bats Colonies.

They get a bad rap as rabies-infested pests, but bats are some of the most fascinating and ecologically indispensable animals on Earth.


Bats account for about 20 percent of all mammal species
With more than 1,200 species included in the order Chiroptera, bats represent one of the largest orders of mammals. They are surpassed only by the order Rodentia, which boasts a whopping 2,277 species — 40 percent of all mammalian species.

Chiroptera is separated into two suborders: Megabats and microbats. Megabats, commonly known as fruit bats or flying foxes, have excellent vision and feast on fruit and nectar. Microbats, like the painted bat of southest Asia (pictured), are characterized by their use of echolocation and an appetite for insects or blood.


Bats are found across the planet
Like birds, flight has allowed bats to travel and settle in all corners of the Earth, with the exception of the Arctic and Antarctic. Bats generally roost in caves, crevices, foliage and manmade structures like attics or under bridges.

At least 45 species of bats are present in the United States alone, with the most common species being the little brown bat, the big brown bat and the Mexican free-tailed bat.


Microbats use echolocation to hunt prey
Although microbats are not blind, their true perceptive strength lies in their ability to use echolocation, also known as biosonar.

As bats forage for food, they emit a continuous stream of high-pitched sounds audible only to other bats. When the sound waves collide with a nearby insect or object, the interrupted waves echo back, generating an acute sonic vision of the bat's surroundings. This ability is so sensitive that it can detect objects as thin as a single human hair.

Some species are equipped with specific characteristics that allow for more fine-tuned biosonar readings. For example, the Mediterranean horseshoe bat (pictured) is named for its peculiar, horseshoe-shaped noseleaf — a fleshy, complex structure surrounding the nostrils that helps focus sound waves. Likewise, long-eared bats possess prominent ears with geometric inner ridges that sharpen echolocation signals and allow for passive listening of sound produced by prey, such as the fluttering of moth wings.

Bats aren't the only animals that can use biosonar. Shrews, dolphins and some cave-dwelling birds also use echolocation to navigate their surroundings and hunt for prey.


Bat colonies save billions of dollars a year in agricultural pest control
There's no need to use harmful pesticides when you have a robust colony of bats nearby. A single bat can eat more than 600 bugs an hour — making bats a perfect choice for organic pest control. Without them, humans might as well be bowing down to insect overlords.

The agricultural value of these flying mammals cannot be overstated, but scientists predict this could all change within the next decade as North American bat populations face an uncertain future as a result of emerging threats — from habitat loss to disease.


Female bats can control when they get pregnant and give birth
To ensure external conditions are optimal for a newborn bat, mother bats are equipped with a variety of biological tactics that allow them to put off fertilization, implantation or development of the fetus.

In some species, mating will occur in the fall, but females will store sperm in their reproductive tract before finally fertilizing their eggs when spring arrives. In other species, the egg is fertilized immediately after mating, but instead of implanting to the wall of the uterus, it floats around until favorable conditions arrive. Yet another adaptation exhibited in some bats is delayed fetus development, in which fertilization and implantation occurs as usual, but the fetus remains in a dormant state for a long period of time.

These tactics, which contribute to the slow birth rate of bats, are timed to coincide with high production of fruit or insects in the environment.


Yes, some bats live off blood
However, contrary to popular belief, vampire bats don't actually suck blood. Instead, they use their razor sharp teeth to make a small incision in the skin of a sleeping animal and then consume the blood as it runs from the wound.

Unlike the monsters of popular vampire lore, bats only require approximately two tablespoons of blood a day, so the victim's loss of blood is negligible and seldom causes harm. Additionally, bat saliva has a similar anesthetic quality to that of a mosquito, which helps prevent the victim from even feeling the cut.


Megabats prefer a vegetarian lifestyle
About 70 percent of all bats are insectivores (with the exception of a small percentage that drink blood or eat fish), but megabats are mostly frugivores that feast on fruit, pollen and nectar.

Also known as flying foxes, these fruit bats play important roles in the pollination of flowers and the dispersal of fruit seeds. Their dietary habits are beneficial for rainforests, which contain a large variety of flora available for consumption.

Unfortunately, due to deforestation and the inherently fragile state of rainforest ecosystems, nectar-feeding bats are especially prone to extinction.


Bats hang upside down to conserve energy
If humans hung upside down from a tree for several hours, it wouldn't take long before they passed out. So, how do bats manage it?

For starters, human and bat circulatory systems are fundamentally different. Because our blood pumps in the direction of our brain, the stress of gravity transfers even more blood to the head when upside down. A bat's circulatory systems pumps the opposite way — away from its head. Also, while all mammals have valves in their veins that prevent blood from flowing backwards, bats possess these valves in their arteries, as well. All of these adaptations ensure that blood is evenly distributed throughout the bat's body.

It also just happens to be more energy efficient for bats to hang by their feet. As opposed to defying gravity and standing upright, no energy has to be expended while hanging due to the lightweight structure of their leg muscles and bones that were developed for flight.


Bats are the only mammals that can truly fly
While some mammals like flying squirrels, sugar gliders and colugos can glide through the air for short distances, bats are capable of true, sustained flight.
Unlike birds, which move their entire forelimbs, bats fly by flapping their webbed digits. The membrane of the wings is sensitive and delicate, and while it can be easily ripped, it can just as easily regrow.


Bats often share their home with thousands or even millions of other bats
The world's largest natural bat colony is the Bracken Bat Cave in Texas, which houses 20 million bats. Over the course of one night, the entire colony can consume a whopping 200 tons of bugs. There's so many bats that when they collectively depart their cave to go foraging, a dense cloud composed of their bodies is visible on weather radar.

The site of the world's largest urban bat colony is in Austin, Texas, where up to 1.5 million Mexican free-tailed bats roost underneath the Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge. After spending their winters in Mexico, the bats migrate to Austin from March to November, during which they put on a nightly show for residents and tourists eager to witness them taking off to forage for food.


White nose syndrome is wreaking havoc on America's bats
In February 2006, a caver exploring Howe Caverns near Albany, N.Y., discovered white fungus accumulating around the muzzles of hibernating bats. The disease spread rapidly over the next several years, and is now documented in more than 115 bat colonies across the eastern half of North America.

With a mortality rate of 95 percent, white nose syndrome is responsible for the deaths of at least 6 million bats. Although the fungus has been identified as Geomyces destructans, scientists remain stumped about how to stop it from infecting more bats.

Unless scientists are able to find a solution, the little brown bat, the most common bat species in North America, is on track for extinction.



mercredi 8 mai 2013

Amazing World Underground Tours.

Underground attractions boast a sense of intrigue unlike almost anything you're likely to see at street level. Many of these sites feature relics of the past, from speakeasy couches to stacks of human skulls. Enjoy the collection!


Eisriesenwelt, Austria
Eisriesenwelt, an expansive natural cavern outside of Salzburg, Austria, is much more than a standard cave destination. Known as the world's largest ice cave, Eisriesenwelt features amazing rock and ice formations. The subterranean landscapes include stunning frozen waterfalls, semi-translucent pillars of ice. The cave — at least the small portion that tour groups are allowed to enter — has a whimsical feel that makes enduring the below-freezing temps (even during the summertime) worthwhile. Tour season is from May through late October. The ice formations make this arguably the most visually stunning tourist cave in the world. Eisriesenwelt is certainly the best natural underground attraction on our list.


Cu Chi tunnels, Vietnam
One of Vietnam's most interesting war-era attractions is found near the town of Cu Chi, about 40 miles outside of central Ho Chi Minh City. A network of tunnels used by Viet Cong forces until 1975 are now open for tours. Visitors can enter a small portion of the original complex, which, at the peak of the Vietnam War, included tunnels that together measured about 120 miles in length. The passageways were only 2 to 3 feet in diameter, but there were also underground barracks, command centers, and even mess halls and hospital operating rooms. Today, visitors can crawl through sections of the original tunnel (some of which have been widened slightly to accommodate more tourists).


London Underground
One of the best ways to get in touch with both London's past and present is to tour its famous Underground. The modern Underground, called the Tube by locals, is one of the best subway networks in the world. Down in the Underground, more than a century-and-a-half of history comes into view. Many Tube tours start where the first underground train set out from its station in 1863. Most tours also follow the development of the Tube system in the later part of the 19th century (when many of the tunnels were dug by hand). Tour-goers will also get to see stations that were used as bomb shelters during World War II. People who are more interested in seeing the secret side of the Underground should keep their eyes out for planned tours of so-called “ghost stations.”


Rynek Underground Museum, Poland
The Rynek Underground Museum sits about 15 feet below the surface of the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny) in Krakow, Poland. This is an ancient area, with a history dating back more than 1,000 years. This long (and colorful) past is still evident in the ground just beneath the marketplace. A recent archeological project uncovered artifacts dating back to the 11th century. A thousand-year-old cemetery, the remains of wooden huts from medieval times, and a variety of other intriguing remnants of the past have been unearthed. The excavation area was recently converted into an underground museum with exhibit spaces. History buffs and casual curiosity seekers alike will appreciate the chance to see some of the archeological finds in the exact places where they were originally uncovered. Some of the high-tech, plasma-screen displays may make this seem like a less-authentic, less-mysterious underground attraction. However, the artifacts themselves, including a well-preserved cobblestone road and wooden huts, really make Rynek a worthwhile subterranean destination.


Seattle Underground
Once a thriving street-level neighborhood, the places that make up the Seattle Underground were covered by elevated buildings after a major fire sparked redevelopment in the late 19th century. As the city grew up around it, the Underground eventually became home to hidden flophouses, illegal gambling and opium dens, and prohibition-era speakeasies. A local entrepreneur first started offering tours of these abandoned places more than 50 years ago.


Tunnels and cellars of Vienna
Many people come to Vienna to soak in the classical architecture and history. However, Vienna's underground crypts, sewers, tunnels and cellars offer a different type of Austrian experience. The crypts of St. Michael's Church (shown here) and the cellars, sewers and passageways under the adjacent Michaelerplatz are worth a look because of their atmosphere and the role that they played in Vienna’s past. The famous Orson Welles movie "The Third Man" was filmed in tunnels and drainage sewers just like the ones that tourists are led through today. Some underground tours also visit Baroque-era wine cellars (complete with bottles) and even some sites that have been excavated in search of Roman ruins and relics.


Rome's catacombs
The most famous (and perhaps the most impressive) catacombs in the world are found in and around Rome. Many tours of the catacombs of Rome trace the city's colorful and sometimes-violent history from medieval times back to the first year of the Common Era. These are the catacombs of lore, with their stacked skulls and human bones laid out in unusual patterns. Tours from companies like Dark Rome offer stops in multiple catacombs including some of the most famous, including San Sebastian and the Capuchin Crypt. Roman tour companies also visit archeological sites like the Basilica of San Clemente, where ancient worship spaces and Roman ruins were discovered in layers below the tiles of the church.


Istanbul cistern
Constructed in the sixth century (on the location of a smaller cistern that was even older), the Byzantine Cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, is one of the most visually stunning underground attractions on our list. The experience of seeing this historic place is enhanced by the use of spotlights, which illuminate the cistern's trademark pillars and create reflections in the water that still flows into this ancient structure. The cistern is open daily, and there are special events, such as classical music concerts, that take place here.


Coober Pedy, Australia
This mining town in Australia's Outback is considered the opal capital of the world. The first stop for those interested in subterranean wonders is a tour of an opal mine, but mines are only one type of underground attraction in Coober Pedy. The harsh desert weather makes living underground the best option for people who work in the mining industry. In addition to homes, there are subterranean churches (shown here), restaurants, bars and hotels all around Coober Pedy. Visitors can stay in a hostel that was once used by miners who would dig for opals right outside their rooms. You won't find thousands of years of human history in this Australian town, but you will find a thriving community of people for whom living below the surface is a way of life.


Subterranean Naples
Naples may not be the first city on a tourist's Italian itinerary, but for people seeking underground adventure, it's a worthy stop. The draw is the sheer number of different underground tour options in various parts of the city. A tour through ancient Roman aqueducts and cisterns is one choice, while another tour visits a series of caverns and tunnels that were used over the centuries as storage spaces, hiding places, bomb shelters and underground churches. The large Fontanelle Underground Cemetery and number of ancient crypts can also be found under the city. It is also possible to head below street level to explore the more recent relics of the history of Naples, such as the bunkers and air raid shelters used during World War II.